@misc{Jing_Jin_Examining_2025,
 author={Jing, Jin and Ahmad, Riaz and Usman, Muhammad and Iqbal, Javed and Ahmad, Sareer and Gul, Azeem and Mi, Hong and Abdirasulova, Zhainagul and Mamadievich, Ravshanbek Dzhumaev},
 identifier={DOI: 10.15611/aoe.2025.2.15},
 year={2025},
 rights={Pewne prawa zastrzeżone na rzecz Autorów i Wydawcy},
 description={Argumenta Oeconomica, 2025, Nr 2 (55), s. 233-247},
 publisher={Publishing House of Wroclaw University of Economics and Business},
 language={eng},
 abstract={Aim: Since the Jand S-curve concepts were first introduced, several researchers have tried to test their validity through empirical research. To offer recommendations for additional research, this study looked at the relevant literature. Methodology: The idea of the S-curve is an extension of the J-curve, which shows how the trade balance improves over time despite initially being worse due to currency depreciation. According to the S-curve hypothesis, there is a positive cross-correlation between the current exchange rate and the future trade balance of a country, and a negative cross-correlation between the current exchange rate and the past trade balance. To understand the pattern of the relationships, the author considered time series data for fifteen 3-digit industries/commodities between Pakistan and its main trading partners – China and the USA – from 1980 to 2022. Results: The results demonstrate that the minority of Pakistani industries, engaged in trade with the USA and China, supported J and S-curves behaviour. Implications and recommendations: The study showed that improving the trade balance is not always possible with domestic currency devaluation. Originality/Value: This study made an incremental contribution in that it critiqued a consumer price index (CPI) which has been used in literature on the aggregate level, and constructed commodity-based CPI for the analysis.},
 type={artykuł},
 title={Examining the J-curve and S-curve patterns in Pakistan’s economic ties with the USA and China, the world’s economic giants},
 keywords={USA, S-curve, J-curve, China, currency depreciation, 3-digit industries, Pakistan},
}